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فروید مشاهده کرد که افراد اغلب رفتارهایی را انجام میدهند که واقعا دوست ندارندانجام دهند(مثل دست شستن تشریفاتی ).چون افراد گاهی کارهایی را انجام میدهند که دوست نداشتند انجام دهند، فروید نتیجه گرفت که انگیزش باید پیچیده تر از آن باشد که از ارادهء عمدی برمی آید . اراده ءهشیار باید با ضد ارادهء ناهشیار دست و پنجه نرم کند .فروید با دنبال کردن این نوع استدلال ، به این نتیجه رسید که افراد دو ذهن دارند :ذهن جولانگاهی برای تقلا کردن تکانه های مخالف است .افراد عقاید و اراده دارند ،اما عقاید مخالف و ضداراده هم دارند.وقتی که ارادهء هوشیار(خود)و ضدارادهءناهشیار(نهاد)توان تقریبا برابری داشته باشند،نوعی جنگ داخلی درمی گیرد که هیچ کدام به طور کامل برنده نمیشوند.
فروید ذهن انسان را پر از تعارض می دید_عقیده در برابر ضدعقیده ،ارده در برابر ضد اراده ،میل در برابر سرکوبی،برانگیختگی در برابر بازداری،ونیروگذاری روانی(جذابیت جنسی)دربرابر ضدنیروگذاری روانی(گناه).منظوراز اصطلاح پویش های روانی همین برخورد نیروهاست.
از نظرفرویدپوشش های روانی به تعارض بین ساختارهای شخصیت نهادوخود وفراخودمربوط میشود.انگیزه های نهاد ،ناهشیار ،غیرارادی ،تکانشی لذت جویانه هستند،به طوری که نهاد طبق اصل لذت عمل میکند:کسب لذت و دوری از درد وانجام دادن این کار به هر قیمت وبدون تاخیر.انگیزه های خود تا اندازه ای هشیاروتا اندازه ای ناهشیار،مملو از دفاع ها وبراساس تاخیر در ارضا سازمان یافته اند ،به طوری که خود از اصل واقعیت تبعیت میکند:به تاخیر انداختن لذت جویی تا زمانی که موضوع ارضاکنندهء نیاز جامعه پسندی پیدا شود.این روزها روان کاوی خاطرنشان می سازند که امیال ،ترس ها،ارزش ها،هدف ها،هیجان ها، افکار،و انگیزه ها هرگز هماهنگ نیستند وتعارض روانی اجتناب ناپذیر است (مثلا یک نفر چیزی را دوست داردواز ان می ترسد نظیر مصاحبه ی شغلی ،طرح ازدواج ،یا فکرکردن درباره ی حضور یافتن در کلاس انگیزش فردا).به عنوان نمونه درو وستن اشاره دارد به اینکه احساس کودکان نسبت به والدینشان تقریبا آکنده از تعارض است، زیرا والدین نه تنها امنیت ،آسایش ،ومحبت تامین میکنند،اما ناکامی ،اندوه ،وناامیدی هم به وجود می آورند.
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