اختلال اسیکزوفرنی و نشانه های آن

اسکیزو فرنی یک اختلال نافذ است که تاثیر وسیعی برجریان های روانشناختی از قبیل شناخت، عاطفه و رفتار می گذارد. افراد مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی ممکن است دچار هذیان، مشکلاتی در همخوانی افکار و توهم باشند، اما همه آنها لزوما هم زمان ظهور نکنند همچنین ممکن است که الگوهای رفتاری متفاوت در انواع مختلف اسکیزوفرنی وجود داشته باشد. نه یک الگوی رفتاری مشخص و منحصر به فرد در اسکیزوفرنی وجود دارد، و نه یک الگوی رفتاری مشخص در افراد مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی بی تغییر باقی می ماند. زنان و مردان مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی از چندین جنبه با یکدیگر تفاوت دارند. بدین معنی که در مردان: ظهور علائم در اوایل زندگی است، سازگاری پیش از ظهور اختلال ضعیف تر است، آسیبهای شناختی بیشتری وجود دارد، نارسائیهای رفتاری زیادتری ملاحظه می شود و پاسخ نسبت به درمان شیمیائی کمتر است ( گلداسنين و تسوانگ، ۱۹۹۰). این موضوع محققان را به این اندیشه واداشته که ممکن است اسكيزوفرنی محدوده متفاوتی از مغز زنان و مردان را فرا بگیرد و همین امر موجب ویژگیهای متفاوت در دو جنس می شود ( گلداستین و نسوانگ، ۱۹۹۰)

اگرچه در مورد علائم اسکیزوفرنی توافق کلی وجود دارد، برخی از محققان در مورد اینکه کدام یک علائم اصلی هستند با یکدیگر توافق ندارند. از نظر سنتی، اسکیزو فرنی به عنوان یک اختلال فکری محسوب می شده است، اما به ترتیبی که ما دریافته ایم، اسکیزو فرنی نابهنجاریهای در درک، خلق، رفتار حرکتی و روابط اجتماعی را نیز در بر می گیرد. کدامیک از این موارد، اوليه و کدام یک ثانو په هستند؟ آیا روابط درون فردی مشکل اصلی است، یا مشکلات ارتباطی بیمار که به صورت کناره گیری اجتماعی بروز می کند و باعث ایجاد اشکال در مراحل فکری، فرد می گردد؟ اگر بیماران اسکیزوفرنیایی گزارش کنند که افکار آنها توسط دیگران یا توسط رادیو کنترل می شود، آیا این هذیان مشکل آنهاست یا آشفتگی های موجود در مغز آنان.D.S.M.IV تاكيد بر اینکه کدام یک علائم اصلی هستند ندارد، بلکه بر وجود هذیان و توهم تاکید نموده اظهار می نماید که در مرحله ای از بیماری فرد مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی همواره دچار هذیان و توهم، یا اختلالات و مشکلات خاص در افکار و ادراک است. به علاوه لازم است که اختلال دست کم به صورتی پیوسته مدت شش ماه در طول زندگی شخص ظاهر گردد و با اختلال در عمل همراه باشد.
در سطور بعد علائم مختلف اسکیزوفرنی را به صورت تفصیلی مورد بحث قرار می دهیم. به هر حال، باید به خاطر داشته باشیم که در زندگی واقعی این علائم از هم جدا نیستند. بدون شک این اختلالات مختلف در یکدیگر تأثیر دارند. برای مثال، اگر فکر مختل شود، خلق و خو، نیز مختل میگردد؛ اگر خلق و خو مختل شود، رابطه شخص با دنیای خارج نیز مختل می گردد. باید به خاطر داشت که در حالی که کلیه بیماران اسکیزوفرنیانی دارای برخی از این علائم هستند، گاهی تمام علائم به طور دائم مشاهده نمی شوند. به عبارت بهتر، برخی از افراد اسکیزوفرنیائی ممکن است گاهی به صورت عادی عمل کنند.
معیارهای مختلفی برای تشخیص اسکیزوفرنی پیشنهاد شده اند. در این میان ایوجن بلولر که این اختلال را اسکیزوفرنی نامید، چهار ویژگی اصلی بنام «چهار A »و چهار علامت ثانوی یا کمکی برای تشخیص بیماری اسکیزوفرنی قائل شده است. منظور از چهار A” آن است که هریک از چهار علامت اصلی اسکیزوفرنی با “A” شروع می شود. البته بلولر علائم ثانوی را توهم و هذیان ذکر کرده است که افکار پارانوئیدی، خود بزرگ بینی، و خصومت و خشونت از انواع هذيانها محسوب می شوند.
علائم اصلي
1. همخوانی، بیمار علائم اختلال فکری خود را معمولا از طریق گفتار نشان میدهد.
۲. عاطفه، واکنشهای احساسی، هیجانی، یا انفعالی بیمار، نابهنجار یا نا متناسب می شوند.
۳. دوسوگرایی، بیمار نمی تواند تصمیم بگیرد و قادر به انجام فعالیتهای دارای اهداف بهنجار نیست.
4. در خود ماندگی، بیمار منزوی شده و در خود فرو می رود.
علائم ثانویه
1. توهم
2. افکار پارانوئیدی
3. خودبزرگ بینی
4. خصومت و خشونت
سایر متخصصان تشخیصی بر توهم و هذیان به عنوان علائم کلیدی اشاره کرده اند. ولی اخیرا توجه به نظام علامتی بلولر به دلیل تاثیر قابل ملاحظه داروهای ضد ساکوتیک بر چهار A (چهار علامت اصلی) اسکیزو فرنی و تاثیر متوسط آنها در علائم ثانوی، احیا شده است.
اختلالات فکری و گفتاری
شما می دانید که من یک دکتر هستم… من دیپلم ندارم، اما یک دکتر هستم. من خوشحالم که یک بیمار روانی هستم، زیرا این بیماری به من آموخت که چگونه متواضع باشم. من از لوازم آرایش Cover Girl استفاده می کنم. اورال روبرت برای ملاقات من به اینجا آمد. این محل جایی است که در آن مجله دیوانگی منتشر گردید. نیکسون، فلز نوکسون را برق می اندازد. هنگامی که من یک دختر کوچک بودم، می نشستم و برای خودم قصه میگفتم. وقتی بزرگتر شدم، به تلویزیون نگاه می کردم و از نمایشهایی که نگاه می کردم دیالوگ می ساختم.

من یک هفته است که باردار هستم. من مبتلا به بیماری اسکیزوفرنی، سرطان اعصاب هستم. بدن من پر از عصب است. به همین دلیل من جایزه نوبل در پزشکی را خواهم برد. من دیگر خودم را یک بیمار اسکیزوفرنیائی به حساب نمی آورم. چیزی به نام اسکیزوفرنی وجود ندارد، فقط اندیشه خوانی فکری وجود دارد. من یک دوست به نام کامبلا کاستلو داشتم. او دختر کاستلو بود .من در کلیسای Pente costal هستم، اما من در فکر تغییر مذهب خودم هستم. من دارای یک سگ در خانه هستم. وقتی شما عیسی مسیح را دارید، نیاز به رژیم غذایی ندارید. مایکل جادوگر میخواهد با من ازدواج کند. من می خواهم از درب گردان خارج شوم. با عیسی مسیح همه چیزی امکانپذیر است. من عادت دارم مادرم را کتک بزنم. من تجسم شخصيتی گاسپر هستم. وقتی کوچک بودم از بچه های دیگر میخواستم با من دوست شوند. کالیفرنیا زیباترین ایالت آمریکاست. من یک ہار توسط تلویزیون، آنجا بودم. نام من جک واردن است، و من هنرپیشه هستم.

به طوری که یک متخصص بالینی اظهار داشته است، شاید مهمترین مشکل بیماران اسکیزو فرنیائی استفاده خاص آنها از گفتار است. این ویژگی در سخنان یک زن مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی بستری در یک بیمارستان که در بالا به آن اشاره شد مشهود است. گفتار مختل بیماران اسکیزوفرنیائی، همراه با تغییرات سریع در موضوع سخن، احتمالا نشانه مراحل فکری آشفته آنان است. برخی از نویسندگان، در بحث مربوط به این اختلال سعی کرده اند تا تفاوت بین اختلالات فکری و گفتاری را مشخص کنند، اما چنین چیزی فقط به صورت نظری امکان پذیر است. این واقعیت وجود دارد که گفتار، بدون مقدمه فکر هیچ است. بر عکس، کلید اولیه ما برای تشخیص فکر، گفتار فرد است. این دو عملکرد به یکدیگر وابسته هستند و به همین دلیل باید آنها را به اتفاق یکدیگر مورد توجه قرار دهیم.
هذیان، یک ویژگی مهم اسکیزوفرنی وجود هذیان است، باورهایی که هیچگونه اساسی در واقعیت ندارد. هذیان ممکن است با انواع حالتهای روانی (شیدایی، افسردگی، سندرمهای عضوی، استفاده از دوز زیاد دارو و غیره) همراه باشد. اما این حالت در میان بیماران اسکیزوفرنیائی یک امر متداول است. در یک نمونه ۴۰۰ نفری اسکیزوفرنیائی، لوکاس و همکارانش (۱۹۹۲) دریافتند که ۷۱ درصد به هذیان مبتلا هستند.
وضعيت هذیانهای اسکیزوفرنیائی در یک آزمایش انجام شده در چند سال پیش توسط میلتون رو کیچ متخصص روانشناسی نشان داده شد. در سال ۱۹۵۹ او سه بیمار مرد داشت که هر سه خیال می کردند عیسی مسیح هستند، و هر سه به بیمارستان انتقال یافتند. مورد زیر گزیده ای از یکی از اولین مواجهه آنهاست:
کلاید (یکی از بیماران) گفت: “من به روانشناسی تو آگاه هستم، و تو یک کشیش هستی، در کلیسای کاتولیک، در نورت برادلی و در مورد آموزش تو، من همه چیز را می دانم. من دقیقا میدانم که یک شخص چکار می کند، مانند آنچه که خودم در ماوراء انجام می دهم، این روشی است که به آن عمل می کنم”.
لئون (بیمار دیگری) ادامه داد: همان طور که قبل از قطع سخنم میگفتم، اغلب اتفاق می افتد که می بینم من روح انسان اولیه بوده ام که می باید پیش از وجود زمان خلق شده باشم”
جوزف می گوید: ” آه خوب، او فقط یک موجود است، همین، من وقتی که جهان را آفریدم انسان را نیز خلق کردم، همين”.
روکیچ پرسید آیا تو کلاید را هم آفریدی؟” آری، او و بسیاری دیگر” در اینجا کلاید خندید.
روکیچ این سه “مسیح” را در تختهای مجاور یکدیگر، دور یک میز مشترک در ناهارخوری، و شرایط شغلی مشابه در لباسشویی قرار داد. سپس آنها را برای مدت دو سال تحت نظر گرفت تا جریانهای احتمالی تغییر سیستمهای هذیانی، عقاید و رفتار آنها را، در صورت مواجه شدن با تناقض نهایی قابل درک برای انسان، کشف نماید. پس از دو سال تمام روزانه مداوم، هیچ یک از سه نفر در عقیده خود مبنی بر اینکه عیسی مسیح است تغییری نداد.
محتوى هذیانهای بیماران اسکیزوفرنیائی با توجه به تصورات انسان زیاد و متنوع است، با این وجود هذيانها دارای الگوهای مشخص و خاصی هستند:
1. هذیان گزند و آسیب: این باور که شخص در معرض تهدید، مداخله یا توطئه قرار دارد.
۲. هذیان کنترل شدگی (هذیان تحت نفود قرار گرفتن): این اعتقاد که افراد دیگر، نیروهای شاید از ماورای کرات، افکار، احساسات و اعمال شخص را، اغلب توسط وسایل الکتریکی که به طور مستقيم علامات را درون مغز وی می فرستند، کنترل می کنند.
٣. هذیان اشاره: این باور که وقایع با محرکهای نامربوط به شخص، در واقع به بیمار مربوط می شوند. برای مثال، بیماران ممکن است فکر کنند که زندگی آنها در تلویزیون یا داستانهای خبری به تصویر کشیده شده است
4. هذیان گناه و تقصير: این باور که شخص ” گناه غیر قابل بخششی” را مرتکب شده یا آسیب بزرگی را بر دیگران وارد آورده است. برای مثال، بیمار ممکن است ادعا کند که کودک خودش را کشته است.
5. هذیان خود بیمارانگاری: اعتقاد نامشخص در باره این که شخص از بیماری بدنی پنهانی رنج می برد. این هذیان بیماران اسکیزوفرنیائی، با ترس پنهان در بیماران مبتلا به خود بیمارانگاری (که در آن بیمار به بیماریهای مشخصی مبتلا نشده بلکه به احساسی ناشناخته دچار می شود) متفاوت است. برای مثال، در حالی که بیماران خود بیمارانگار از بیماری کبد یا تومور مغزی شکایت می کنند، بیماران اسکیزوفرنیائی ادعا می کند که کبد آنها تکه تکه شده یا اینکه مغز آنها کپک زده است.
6.هذیان نیستی : این اعتقاد که شخص، یا دیگران، یا کل جهان، دیگر وجود ندارند. برای مثال بیمار ممکن است ادعا کند که او روحی است که از جهان دیگر باز گردانیده شده است.
7. هذیان بزرگ پنداری: این اعتقاد که شخص یک فرد مشهور، قدرتمند و مهم است. چنین هذیانی ممکن است به صورت یک هویت خیالی پایدار تبلور پیدا کند که در آن شخص ادعا می کند که او یک شخصیت تاریخی مانند ژاندارک، ناپلئون یا عیسی مسیح است.
در نهایت بسیاری از بیماران اسکیزوفرنیائی ادعا می کنند که افکار آنها تحريف می شود. چنین افکاری در ارتباط با هذیان کنترل بوده، شامل موارد زیر است:
1. انتشار فکر: این اعتقاد که افکار شخص به خارج از جهان منتشر می شود، به طوری که همه کس می تواند آنها را بشنود.
 ۲. تزریق فكر: این اعتقاد که مردمان دیگر افکار خود شان، به خصوص افکار هرزه را، به سر شخص تزریق می کنند.
٣. تخلیه فكر: این اعتقاد که کسان دیگر افکار را از مغز شخص خارج می کنند.
همان گونه که قبلا اشاره شد، این هذیانها ممکن است نشان دهنده تلاش بیمار برای توضیح حالت آشفته فکری خودش باشد. برای مثال، بسیاری از بیماران مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی چیزی را تجربه می کنند که انسداد فكر نامیده می شود. مثلا در وسط صحبت درباره چیزی، به ناگاه ساکت می شوند، بدون یاد آوری چیزی که در باره آن صحبت می کردند. این تجربه، احتمالا برای یک بیمار مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی مانند هرکس دیگر ناراحت کننده است، و یک راه برای توضیح آن این است که کسی فکر او را از سرش می دزدد.
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اختلال اسکیزوفرنی و نشانه های آن

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